Since the 13th century, the santons have embodied an essential part of Provençal and Marseilles history. These small clay figurines, known and appreciated well beyond Provence, represent not only biblical characters but also emblematic figures of Provençal daily life. Their symbolism is rich, oscillating between Christian faith and popular resistance against the prohibitions imposed by the French Revolution.
History of the santons: an art of resistance
The origin of the santons dates back to a troubled period in French history when churches were closed due to the Revolution. The Marseillais, true to their spirit of resistance, decided to create small figures, the “santouns”, a Provençal term meaning “little saints”. Made at the time from breadcrumbs or papier-mâché, these santons allowed for keeping the Christian cult alive despite the ban on midnight masses. The small size of these figures made them easy to hide, their production becoming a symbolic act of defiance.
It was only later that the red clay of Provence became the preferred material for creating these figurines. The Marseilles artisans, as true guardians of local know-how, managed to evolve this tradition into a genuine popular art, spreading their craftsmanship throughout the region.
The santon fair: an unmissable event
Every year, in the heart of the city, the Santon Fair lights up the streets of Marseille. This event, whose origins date back to 1803, is a true cultural and festive appointment. At that time, three merchants set up at the corner of the Canebière to sell their clay santons, thus launching what would become an essential Marseilles tradition.
Today, the Santon Fair takes place from the last Sunday in November until the end of December. It is an opportunity for visitors to discover a traditional Provençal nativity scene with its emblematic characters such as the bugadière (washerwoman), the boumian (chicken thief), or the Arlésienne. These popular figurines have become essential symbols of Provençal culture, embodying not only the spirit of Christmas but also a deep connection to the land and local traditions.
The santons: symbols of Provence
Each santon tells a story and represents the trades and customs of the past. We find the shepherd, the miller, the shepherdess, or even the ravi, all bearing offerings to the newborn Christ. These characters form a living and colorful mosaic that reflects the soul of a joyful, hardworking Provence deeply attached to its roots.
The santons also carry a spiritual dimension. Inspired by the first nativity scenes created by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century, these figurines represent a popular piety, close to the people and the land. Even today, this craftsmanship is passed down from generation to generation, notably in Aubagne, Aix-en-Provence, and in the upper Var, where santonniers passionately perpetuate this ancestral art.
The magic of Provençal nativity scenes
The Provençal nativity scene is much more than just a simple depiction of the nativity. It is a true representation of Provençal life with its hills, olive trees, and miniature rivers. At Christmas, the nativity scenes light up homes and public squares, reminding the Provençals of their attachment to traditions and history. It is also a special time for the new generations, who take pleasure in perpetuating this family tradition.
Every year, thousands of visitors flock to Marseille to discover the nativity scenes and buy new santons, thus adding a personal touch to their own nativity scene. These figurines embody both faith, history, and Provençal identity, while bringing a touch of magic and nostalgia to each Christmas.
